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From an Imagined Community to a Network Community: A Critical Review of Benedict Anderson`s Theory of Nationalism with the Case of the Karen

Lee Sang Kook

서강대학교 동아연구소

Published: January 2016 · Vol. 71, No. 0 · pp. 227-279

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33334/sieas.2016.35.2.227

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Abstract

This study makes a critic on Benedict Anderson`s notion that an imagined community is limited, pointing out a problematic link between ‘imagination’ and ‘limitation’ which Anderson does not adequately explain. It attempts to settle the puzzle in the two ways. The first is to acknowledge Anderson`s merit that touches on an order that structures imagination. The second is to get rid of an element, national boundary that causes contradiction in the notion. Combining the two ways, the study explores in what order the Karen, the people without national boundary, builds up the nation and puts Manuel Castells`s discussion of network into a center stage. The Karen developed the sense of nation throughout the 19th century under the influence of Western Christian missionaries. When failing to achieve a nation-state in the late 1940s, they began a separatist movement and strongly occupied liberated areas in the eastern border areas until the 1980s. However, in the 1990s they became refugees after a series of attacks by the Myanmar government. Ironically a network community emerged while they were living in refugee camps. As the Karen began to be massively resettled in other countries, the network became more global and active. The network is constituted by the information technology and internet, the Thailand-Myanmar borderland as the node and hub physical foundation, and political leaders and overseas Karen as elites. The case of the Karen provides a new idea for the development of nationalism in the age of transnationalism.
Keywords: 카렌족베네딕트 앤더슨상상경계마누엘 카스텔네트워크