Vietnam held the 13th Communist Party Congress in late January and early February 2021. Following the 12th Party Congress, the 13th Party Congress gave the message that Vietnam will continue economic reform under the condition that Vietnam adheres to the socialist system. Vietnam seeks to continue its economic reform amid political conservatism, where the Communist Party strengthens its dominance over the state and society. Economically, Vietnam seeks to develop each sector while maintaining an economic system in which several ownership sectors coexist. The goal of the state-owned economic sector to play a leading role in the national economy officially continues to be maintained. At the 13th Congress, the importance of the private economic sector in particular for the development of the national economy was recognized. The private economic sector is being encouraged to cooperate with the state economic sector. Vietnam has continued to promote the foreign direct investment and promote linkage between the foreign-invested companies and domestic ones, and suggests a policy direction to increase the autonomy of domestic industry. The Communist Party seeks to reinforce its dominance by building the party that emphasizes socialism and revolutionary morality in terms of ideology, and to restore public support by eradicating corruption. Although democracy is limited in Vietnam’s political system as a whole, it can be evaluated that democratization within the Communist Party has been realized to some extent. Representatives who attended the 13th Congress elected the members of the Central Committee and the Politburo by voting. The percentage of consecutive members of the 13th Central Committee was much higher than before. Among the members of the Politburo, the members who are working at the central institutions of the Communist Party occupied the majority, strengthening the Party’s dominance. Overall, it can be evaluated that Vietnam has strengthened ideological conservatism and the Communist Party’s dominance through the 12th and 13th Congress. Vietnam is continuing economic reform amid political conservatism while the Communist Party strengthens its dominance over the state and society.